In fact, Foster, at first I thought you had excluded muscles like the Triceps and Forearms specifically to avoid the sensation of fatigue in the smaller, more heavily taxed muscles during piano study. The biceps is relatively used ...that's why I thought you only trained that one in the arm (clearly, before your precise explanations).
Personally, I find it appropriate that even the deltoids and the trapezius are already recovered before playing... on the other hand, a certain relaxation from training the larger muscles of the back, like the lats... doesn't hurt... so that they become (still in my opinion, mind you) less intrusive exactly when there is a tendency to overuse them.
The problem then is not becoming dependent on a certain physical condition, in the sense that it's not as if you can start rowing right before a concert; this is actually another warning, it is better to play during study under the same conditions as the future performance ... to avoid unpleasant surprises
Here, as I hoped from the first post, it seems we have reached a very important meeting point, namely, a gym aimed at the well-being and health of the body and spirit and not aimed at tripling one's muscle mass by lifting enormous weights and by consuming substances that strain the liver and kidneys or that, in the worst cases, can cause serious diseases such as cancer (I am referring to steroids and hormones).
It seems to me that we are ultimately talking about a 'light' bodybuilding activity comparable to a healthy short run of a few kilometers or to a 45-minute bike ride (obviously each with its own physical benefits but with comparable efforts that do not lead to an excess of energy spent).
The issue of steroids and supplements should be taken with a grain of salt.
As far as I know, the carcinogenic effect of certain types of steroids has only been hypothesized. This is in contrast to other substances that have been "friendly" to us for centuries, which unfortunately, despite the certainty of their carcinogenicity (at least clinically), do not affect public opinion one way or the other.
I should note that even the piano represents a danger due to the substances it is composed of/treated with.
Then again, if someone takes growth hormone, they are doing nothing more than exponentially increasing the speed at which certain types of tissue develop (and therefore, alas, also neoplastic formations), but that is a different matter entirely.
I would not worry so much about "bodybuilding" doping, but about human doping. And therefore, about us musicians.
Ahahah one of these if he tries to slap you, you're lucky if he doesn't hit you; at the very least, with the air displacement, he'll give you a cold...